20 años de experiencia en trasplante renal en bloque de donantes pediátricos en receptores adultos / A 20-year experience in cadaveric pediatric en bloc kidney transplantation in adult recipients

Introducción y objetivos El trasplante renal en bloque de donantes pediátricos en receptores adultos permite aumentar el pool de donantes, pero son pocos los centros que lo realizan. Mostramos los resultados de la técnica en nuestro centro tras su introducción en el año 1999.Material y métodos Análisis retrospectivo de los 42 procedimientos realizados en nuestro centro con una mediana de seguimiento de 73 meses (5-233) en los que se monitorizó la función renal de los pacientes y se registraron las complicaciones sucedidas.Resultados Se han realizado 42 trasplantes renales en bloque en adultos de donantes pediátricos en nuestro centro hasta el momento. La media de edad de los receptores fue de 44,1±11,8 años y la de los donantes de 22,4±14,7 meses, con un peso medio de 11,3±3,6kg. El tiempo medio de isquemia fría fue de 15,7±4,5 h. Al finalizar el seguimiento, 35 injertos eran funcionantes (83,3%) y mantenían una excelente función. Hubo 7 pérdidas de injerto (16,7%) en el postoperatorio inmediato (4 trombosis vasculares, una dehiscencia de anastomosis y 2necrosis corticales) y un fallecimiento durante el seguimiento por una causa no relacionada.Conclusiones El uso de injertos renales en bloque de origen pediátrico en adultos es un procedimiento seguro y con un excelente rendimiento funcional a medio y largo plazo. El postoperatorio inmediato es el periodo en el que se establecen la mayoría de las complicaciones importantes que pueden derivar en la pérdida del injerto. La adecuada selección de donantes y receptores, así como una correcta técnica quirúrgica, son imprescindibles para minimizar la aparición de eventos adversos (AU)

Background En bloc kidney transplantation from pediatric donors into adult recipients increases the donor pool. However, this surgical procedure is not widely performed in many transplant centers. To evaluate the long-term outcomes of bloc kidney transplantation from pediatric donors into adult recipients in a single center.Material and methods Retrospective analysis of 42 patients who received pediatric cadaveric bloc kidney transplantation in our center since 1999. Median follow-up period was 73 months (5-233) in which renal function tests were taken and complications registered.ResultsWe have performed 42 bloc kidney transplantation from pediatric donors into adult recipients in our center. The recipients’ age was 44.1±11.8 years. Pediatric donors were 22.4±14.7 months old and weighted 11.3±3.6kg. Cold ischemia time was 15.7±4.5hours. During a median follow-up of 73 months, 35 patients (83.3%) had graft survival with excellent function (first-year serum creatinine levels of 0.99±0.25mg/dl). There were 7graft losses (16.7%) in the immediate postoperative period (4 cases of vascular thrombosis, one anastomosis dehiscence and 2cortical necrosis).Conclusions The pediatric en bloc renal graft transplantation into adults is a safe technique with excellent medium- to long-term functional performance. The vast majority of significant complications leading to graft loss were reported in the immediate postoperative period. A good selection of donors and recipients as well as an adequate surgical technique are essential to minimize the occurrence of adverse events (AU)

A 20-year experience in cadaveric pediatric en bloc kidney transplantation in adult recipients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: En bloc kidney transplantation (EBKT) from pediatric donors into adult recipients increases the donor pool. However, this surgical procedure is not widely performed in many transplant centers. To evaluate the long-term outcomes of EBKT from pediatric donors into adult recipients in a single center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 42 patients who received pediatric cadaveric EBKT in our center since 1999. Median follow-up period was 73 months (5-233) in which renal function tests were taken and complications registered. RESULTS: We have performed 42 EBKT from pediatric donors into adult recipients in our center. The recipients' age was 44.1 ± 11.8 years. Pediatric donors were 22.4 ± 14.7 months old and weighted 11.3 ± 3.6 kg. Cold ischemia time was 15.7 ± 4.5 h. During a median follow-up of 73 months, 35 patients (83.3%) had graft survival with excellent function (first-year serum creatinine levels of 0.99 ± 0.25 mg/dl). There were seven graft losses (16.7%) in the immediate postoperative period (four cases of vascular thrombosis, one anastomosis dehiscence and two cortical necrosis). CONCLUSIONS: The pediatric en bloc renal graft transplantation into adults is a safe technique with excellent medium- to long-term functional performance. The vast majority of significant complications leading to graft loss were reported in the immediate postoperative period. A good selection of donors and recipients as well as an adequate surgical technique are essential to minimize the occurrence of adverse events.

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[Survival analysis for localized renal cell carcinoma. Prognostic value of 1997 TNM classification]. / Análisis de supervivencia de los carcinomas de células renales organo-confinados. Valor pronóstico de la clasificación TNM 1997.

BACKGROUND: The 5th edition of TNM classification for renal cell carcinoma changed the cut-off point of the tumor size for localized tumors, achieving a better distribution of patients with similar survival. Nevertheless, because of the variable evolution of renal cell carcinoma, the prognostic significance of tumor size is questioned as a staging criterion in organ-confined renal cell carcinoma. We analyse renal cell carcinoma specific survival and the prognostic significance of tumor size in I and II stage. METHODS: We made a retrospective study with 158 renal cell carcinoma surgically treated in our hospital along 12 years. It was created a data base with clinical variables from patient and tumor and analyzed pathological staging, nuclear grade and specific survival, overall stage I and II. RESULTS: 27 renal cell carcinoma were pT1 (17.08%), 52 pT2 (32.91%), 45 pT, (28.45%), 10 pT3B (6.32%), y 24 pT4 (15.18%). The specific survival at 5 years for pT1-pT2, I-II stage, was 100% and 94% respectively, and no statistic significant differences were found between stage I and II (log-rank test 0.53, p>0.05). The specific survival at 5 years for pT3a, pT3B, y pT4 was 76.5%, 66.6% y 38.4%. There was a significant difference in survival in accordance with the tumor location, intrarenal (T1 y T2) versus extrarenal (T3A, T3B, T4) (log-rank test 9.06, p< 0.05). According to nuclear grade we don't find significant differences for pT1 y pT2 (Fisher test, p=1). Regarding the relation between pT stage and nuclear grade of the tumor we obtained a chi-square inear tendency of 38.19, p<0.001. CONCLUSION: The differences in the evolution of the organ-confined renal cell carcinoma with respect to the tumor size may be due to other molecular and biological variables, probably associated with stage, not controlled in essays. The TNM classification for organ-confined renal cell carcinoma based in tumor size seems artificial. New revisions of the classification system are necessary to identify which organ-confined carcinoma will have unfavourable evolution and to include them in a different category.

Análisis de supervivencia de los carcinomas de células renales órgano-confinados. Valor pronóstico de la clasificación TNM 1997 / Survival analysis for localized renal cell carcinoma. Prognostic value of 1997 TNM classification

Introducción: En la 5ª edición de la clasificación TNM de 1997 para tumores renales se modificó el punto de corte del tamaño del tumor primario para los estadios I y II, permitiendo una mejor agrupación de pacientes con distinta supervivencia. Sin embargo, dada la variable evolución del carcinoma de células renales determinada por su agresividad biológica, se cuestiona la utilidad del tamaño tumoral como elemento pronóstico y de estadiaje. Se realiza un estudio de supervivencia del carcinoma de células renales para valorar si la nueva clasificación TNM para el estadio I y II es la que mejor predice la supervivencia basándose en el tamaño del tumor. Material y Método: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo de 158 carcinomas de células renales intervenidos en nuestro hospital en un periodo de 12 años. Se ha creado una base de datos con variables clínicas debidas al paciente y al tumor, y se ha valorado estadio patológico, grado nuclear y supervivencia causa específica, centrándonos en los estadios I y II. Resultados: Según la categoría pT obtuvimos 27 pT1 (17,08%), 52 pT2 (32,91%), 45 pT3A (28,45%), 10 pT3B (6,32%), y 24 pT4 (15,18%). La supervivencia tumor-específica a los 5 años para pT1-pT2, estadio I-II, es de 100% y 94% respectivamente, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los estadios I y II (log-rank test 0,53, p no significativa). La supervivencia tumor-específica a los 5 años para la categoría pT3A, pT3B, y pT4 es de 76,5%, 66,6% y 38,4%. Encontrando una diferencia en la supervivencia estadísticamente significativa según la localización del tumor primario intrarrenal (T1 y T2) y la extrarrenal (T3A, T3B, T4) (log-rank test 9,06, p < 0.05). Para pT1 y pT2 no se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas según el grado nuclear (test exacto de Fisher, p=1). Comparando la relación entre estadio pT y grado nuclear del tumor primario obtenemos un valor para X2 de tendencia lineal de 38,19, p<0.001. Conclusiones: Las diferencias en la evolución del carcinoma de células renales órgano-confinado según el tamaño tumoral pueden ser debidas a la existencia de otras variables biológicas y moleculares, posiblemente asociadas al estadio, que no se controlan en los estudios. La clasificación TNM en los carcinomas de células renales órgano-confinados basándose en el tamaño del tumor nos parece artificiosa. Son necesarias nuevas revisiones del sistema de clasificación para identificar qué grupo de pacientes con carcinoma de células renales órgano-confinado va a presentar evolución desfavorable e incluirlos en una categoría distinta

Background: the 5th edition of TNM classification for renal cell carcinoma changed the cut-off point of the tumor size for localized tumors, achieving a better distribution of patients with similar survival. Nevertheless, because of the variable evolution of renal cell carcinoma, the prognostic significance of tumor size is questioned as a staging criterion in organ-confined renal cell carinoma. We analyse renal cell carcinoma specific survival and the prognostic significance of tumor size in I and II stage. Methods: We made a retrospective study with 158 renal cell carcinoma surgically treated in our hospital along 12 years. It was created a data base with clinical variables from patient and tumor and analyzed pathological staging, nuclear grade and specific survival, overall stage I and II. Results: 27 renal cell carcinoma were pT1 (17.08%), 52 pT2 (32.91%), 45 pT3A (28.45%), 10 pT3B (6.32%), y 24 pT4 (15.18%). The specific survival at 5 years for pT1-pT2, I-II stage, was 100% and 94% respectively, and no statistic significant differences were found between stage I and II (log-rank test 0.53, p>0.05). The specific survival at 5 years for pT3A, pT3B, y pT4 was 76.5%, 66.6% y 38.4%. There was a significant difference in survival in accordance with the tumor location, intrarenal (T1 y T2) versus extrarenal (T3A, T3B, T4) (log-rank test 9.06, p< 0.05). According to nuclear grade we don’t find significant differences for pT1 y pT2 (Fisher test, p=1). Regarding the relation between pT stage and nuclear grade of the tumor we obtained a X2 inear tendency of 38.19, p<0.001. Conclusion: The differences in the evolution of the organ-confined renal cell carcinoma with respect to the tumor size may be due to other molecular and biological variables, probably associated with stage. not controlled in essays. The TNM classification for organ-confined renal cell carcinoma based in tumor size seems artificial. New revisions of the classification system are necessary to identify which organ-confined carcinoma will have unfavourable evolution and to include them in a different category

[Study of cathepsin D levels in invasive bladder cancer and its stroma. Correlation with tumor stage, cytological grade, lymph node metastasis and survival]. / Estudio de los niveles de catepsina D en el tumor vesical infiltrante y en su estroma, y de su correlación con el estadio tumoral, grado citológico, afectación ganglionar y supervivencia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate cathepsin D as a prognostic marker in invasive bladder cancer and to determine its relationship with stage, grade, lymph-node metastasis and survival too. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An immunohistochemical staining of 32 radical cystectomy specimens suffering from transitional cell carcinoma was performed, using a monoclonal antibody anti-cathepsin D (Novocastra). We made a semicuantitative measurement of the cathepsin D expression in the tumor and in the peritumoral stroma in a 400 x microscopic high power field. Patient population was composed of 31 men and 1 woman with a mean age of 63.25 years. The mean follow up was 23.6 months. Stage was classified with the WHO 1997 classification. Grade was classified with the ISUP/WHO 1998 classification. For the statistical analysis the Chi-square test, Pearson's test R, the Kaplan Meier method and the log-rank test were used. RESULTS: The pathological stages of the surgical specimens were as follows: pTo:3.1% (1), pT1:12.5% (4), pT2:15.6% (5), pT3:34.4% (11). (p < 0.001) A high cytologic grade was found in 81.25% of the tumors. There was a 43.8% progression rate and 40.6% mortality. There was no statistically significant relationship among Cathepsin's D levels in the stroma and lymph node metastases, stage, or grade (p = 0.473, p = 0.604, p = 0.2423). There was no statistically significant relationship among Cathepsin's D levels in the tumor and lymph node metastases, stage or grade (p = 0.496, p = 0.722 and p = 0.461). The cathepsin D levels, neither in the stroma nor in the tumor, showed no influence neither on the disease free intervals nor in the survival rates (p = 0.785; p = 0.355 and p = 0.614; p = 0.601 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical Cathepsin D levels do not seem to play a role in the prognostic of transitional tumors of the urinary bladder.

Estudio de los niveles de catepsina D en el tumor vesical infiltrante y en su estroma, y de su correlación con el estadio tumoral, grado citológico, afectación ganglionar y supervivencia / Cathepsin D levels study in invasive bladder cancer and its stroma. Correlation with tumor stage grade, lymph-node metastasis and survival

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la catepsina D como marcador pronóstico en el carcinoma transicional vesical infiltrante y determinar su relación con variables pronósticas reconocidas como son el estadio, el grado y la afectación ganglionar.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una tinción inmunohistoquímica de 32 piezas de cistectomía radical afectadas por carcinoma transicional infiltrante, practicadas entre noviembre de 1996 y mayo de 1999, con anticuerpo monoclonal anti catepsina D (Novocastra), realizando una medición semicuantitativa de la expresión de catepsina en las células tumorales y en el estroma peritumoral por campo de 400x.La serie estudiada se compuso de 31 varones y una mujer con un rango de edad entre 41 y 75 años y una edad media de 63,25 años (Desviación estandard de 8,77) y un seguimiento medio de 23,6 meses (1 a 44 meses). Los estadios se clasificaron según la clasificación de la WHO de 1997. El grado citológico se clasificó según la clasificación de la ISUP /WHO de 1998.Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó el test Chi-Cuadrado y test R de Pearson. El test de supervivencia se realizó según el método de Kaplan Meier y los niveles de significado mediante el test del logaritmo del rango (log-rank test).RESULTADOS: Los estadios diagnosticados en el momento de realizar la cistectomía fueron: pTo:3,1 per cent (1), pT1:12,5 per cent (4), pT2:15,6 per cent (5), pT3:34,4 per cent (11), pT4: 34,4 per cent (11). (p<0,001).El 81,25 per cent de los tumores fueron de alto grado citológico y el 18,75 per cent de los tumores fue de bajo grado.Se apreció afectación ganglionar en el 40,7 per cent de los casos.Existió una progresión del 43,8 per cent y una mortalidad del 40,6 per cent.No se encontraron valores significativos de asociación entre el nivel de catepsina en el estroma y el grado de afectación ganglionar, estadio tumoral o grado citológico (p=0,473, p=0,604, p=0,2423 respectivamente), ni con los niveles de catepsina tumoral y los parámetros referidos anteriormente (p=0,496, p=0,722 y p=0,461 respectivamente).Los niveles de catepsina en el estroma y tumor no mostraron influencia en los intervalos libres de enfermedad (p=0,785 y p=0,355 respectivamente) ni sobre la supervivencia (p=0,614 y p=0,601).CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestra serie la determinación semicuantitativa de los niveles de catepsina D con métodos inmunohistoquímicos no aporta información pronóstica en el tumor vesical infiltrante (AU)

[Crossed renal ectopy with fusion: report of a case]. / Ectopia renal cruzada con fusión: presentación de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of crossed fused renal ectopia that was incidentally discovered in a patient consulting for abdominal pain in the emergency department. METHODS: A 46-year-old patient consulted at the emergency department for abdominal pain. Assessment by diagnostic imaging techniques demonstrated a crossed renal ectopia and associated bone anomalies. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Crossed renal ectopia is an uncommon congenital anomaly and in most of the cases usually presents with fusion of both kidneys. It can also be associated with congenital anomalies of other organs. No treatment is required unless there are other complications or superimposed pathologies.

[Hydatidosis in a single location]. / Enfermedad hidatídica de localización única.

Hydatidosis in our country an important health problem because of its high prevalence. We present a case of renal Hydatidosis in which we point out the renal single location of the disease and emphasize that MRI helped us to find a correct preoperative diagnosis.

[The role of urethral catheterization in penile necrosis]. / Papel del sondaje uretral en la necrosis peneana.

Isolated penile necrosis is a rare entity, its main causes are diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Only two cases related with urethral catheterization have been published in the literature. We present a case of penile necrosis in a patient with a Foley catheter, the possible role of the catheter in the etiology and its management are discussed.

[Bilateral candida bezoar of the upper urinary tract]. / Bezoar candidiásico bilateral del tracto urinario superior.

Fungal urinary tract infections are due to candida albicans as first responsible germ. This sporulated oval fungus divides itself by gemmation and produces pseudohyphas when it is spread in culture mediums, organic tissues or their exudates. The most frequent predisposing factor is diabetes mellitus. Others predisposing factors are: long antibiotic administration, corticoids, immunosuppressors, neoplasias, neurogenic bladder, and catheter or foreign bodies into the urinary tract. Bezoar formation is a rare complication that sometimes produces obstructive uropathy. Although Candida albicans is the most frequent observed germ in bezoars, Candida tropicalis, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor y Turolopsis have been found as well. We present the case of a diabetic patient with a bilateral bezoar formation into the upper urinary tract due to Candida albicans. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are described emphasizing in the are bilateral onset.

[Evaluation of urology training of resident internal physicians of the Valencian community. Quality control]. / Evaluación de la formación urológica de los médicos internos residentes de la comunidad valenciana. Control de calidad.

Report on the results of a survey conducted among Urology residents in the Valencian Community. Evaluation of the training level of the MIR system, both overall and by areas. Presentation of the views obtained with regard to possible modifications to raise their training level and improve their professional future.

[Candidiasis of the upper urinary tract. Report of a case]. / Candidiasis del tracto urinario superior. A propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of candidiasis of the upper urinary tract that presented as acute renal failure associated with septic syndrome. The patient initially required hemodialysis. Right hydronephrosis and perirenal collection were observed on ultrasound examination. METHODS: A percutaneous nephrostomy was performed. Nephrostomy urine cytology and cultures were positive for Candida tropicalis. An anterograde pyelography showed a 'fungus ball' in the urinary tract. RESULTS: Therapy with oral fluconazole and percutaneous amphotericin B achieved excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: Candidiasic urinary infection of the upper urinary tract often produces obstructive uropathy requiring percutaneous nephrostomy, which can also be used to instill amphotericin B. Combination therapy with amphotericin B and fluconazole can achieve excellent results.